Isostatic SnO₂ Electrode
An Isostatic Tin Oxide (SnO₂) Electrode is a high-purity, dense ceramic electrode used to pass electric current through a molten glass bath to facilitate Joule heating (electric boosting) or all-electric melting.
This electrode is composed of highly refined tin oxide. The term “Isostatic” refers to the manufacturing process: the SnO₂ powder is compacted under isostatic pressure (equal pressure applied from all directions), resulting in a uniform, near-perfect density and micro-structure. This process is crucial because it eliminates weak spots and ensures high resistance to thermal shock, chemical corrosion, and electrical erosion in the extreme environment of a glass tank.
Main Function and Characteristics
The SnO₂ electrode is the only viable commercial material for directly contacting molten glass melts, particularly those containing lead or boron, where other electrodes would corrode or contaminate the glass.
| CHARACTERISTIC | VALUE RANGE | PRIMARY MELT FUNCTION |
|---|---|---|
| Composition | > 99% Tin Oxide (SnO₂) | High purity ensures minimal contamination of specialty glass. |
| Manufacturing | Isostatic Pressing | Achieves maximum density (> 95% theoretical) and uniformity. |
| Conductivity | SEMICONDUCTIVE | Becomes electrically conductive at high temperatures (> 1000°C). |
CLASSIFICATION
- Engineering Focus: High-Purity Ceramic Electrode
- Primary Application Focus: Electrical and chemical resistance; Electric Boosting/Melting of Specialty Glass (e.g., lead crystal, borosilicate).
Key Performance Metrics
| PROPERTY | TYPICAL PERFORMANCE | MECHANISM OF ADVANTAGE |
|---|---|---|
| Corrosion Resistance | EXCEPTIONAL | Chemically inert in corrosive glass melts, especially lead glass where Mo electrodes fail. |
| Erosion Resistance | HIGH | The dense, uniform structure resists spalling and particle loss due to current passage. |
| Melting Point | VERY HIGH (~1900°C) | Ensures electrode integrity in high-temperature glass melting zones. |
- The Electrical and Chemical Mechanism
Unlike metals, which conduct electricity via electrons at all temperatures, SnO₂ is a semiconductor. At room temperature, it is an insulator, but above approximately 1000°C, the increase in temperature excites its charge carriers, making it adequately conductive for passing the high current required for Joule heating.
- Electric Boosting: SnO₂ electrodes are submerged near the bottom of a gas-fired glass furnace (hot spot), where the electric current passes through the molten glass, boosting the melting rate and improving glass quality.
- Contamination Control: For high-purity glass (e.g., optical glass or lead crystal), the use of SnO₂ is mandatory because traditional molybdenum (Mo) electrodes would dissolve and contaminate the glass with metallic ions, altering its color and properties.
- The Isostatic Advantage
The cost of SnO₂ is high, so maximizing its lifespan is critical. Isostatic pressing ensures:
- Longevity: Uniform density minimizes local hot spots and corrosion pockets, leading to a longer, more predictable service life.
- Structural Integrity: Eliminates manufacturing defects (like large pores or cracks) that could lead to explosive failure due to thermal cycling.
- Guidance
SnO₂ electrodes must be installed using highly specialized, refractory-lined cooling holders and power feed-throughs due to the necessity of cooling the contact area while exposing the tip to extreme heat. The connection is a critical component under your Handling & Safety.
✨ Customization Services
We offer product customization services, allowing you to tailor the appearance, dimensions, or specific markings of items like refractory shapes or bricks. This includes options for incorporating specific geometric requirements to ensure seamless integration into your process systems.
🔬 Sampling for Testing & Validation
Free product samples are available for thorough testing and validation. This allows you to confirm the quality, compatibility, and performance of our materials—such as specific bricks, castables, or raw materials—before committing to a full order.
💡 Expertise in Refractory Solutions
Leverage our deep expertise to receive detailed, application-specific refractory solutions. We move beyond just selling products by providing comprehensive plans that encompass material selection, installation guidance, and performance optimization to maximize the lifespan and efficiency of your high-temperature processes.
Rabatec products are exclusively manufactured in facilities that have achieved rigorous ISO certifications across Quality (ISO 9001), Environmental Management, and Occupational Health & Safety. This commitment ensures every product, from refractory bricks to specialized equipment, meets the highest global benchmarks for performance, sustainability, and workplace safety.
📦 Logistics Excellence: Shipping, Packaging, and Marking
Minimizing Risk: We manage all logistics to minimize handling touchpoints and transit shock. Our carriers are pre-vetted for their experience in transporting heavy, fragile, and sensitive industrial materials.
Traceability: Every shipment includes comprehensive documentation and tracking information, providing end-to-end visibility and ensuring precise delivery coordination for your site.
Protection is Paramount: Our packaging strictly follows industry standards to prevent damage, corner chipping, and moisture absorption—especially critical for materials like Basic Refractory Bricks and Refractory Mortars & Mixes.
Robust Palletization: Products are secured on fumigated, high-strength export pallets (e.g., 1100x950mm or similar sturdy dimensions) using heavy-duty strapping and durable protective wrapping (polyethylene sheeting, cardboard, etc.) to withstand long-distance travel and multiple loadings.
Moisture Control: Sensitive materials are protected with appropriate sealing and, where necessary, desiccants or moisture-vapor proof enclosures to maintain the product's integrity until installation.
Clear Identification: All outer packaging is clearly marked on multiple sides with large, legible text for immediate identification and safe handling.
Full Traceability: Markings include all essential data points: Product Name, Quality Grade, Batch Number, Quantity, Net/Gross Weight, Order Number, and the Final Destination/Construction Area. This ensures every pallet can be accounted for and correctly staged upon arrival.
Safety & Compliance: We adhere to all regulatory requirements for marking, labeling, and placarding—especially for any items classified as Dangerous Goods—to ensure full compliance with international and domestic transport regulations.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Question | Elaborated Answer |
Q: What is the Refractoriness Under Load (RUL) of your refractories? | A: Refractoriness Under Load (RUL) is a critical property that defines the maximum temperature our materials can withstand while under compressive stress before deforming (softening). Since we offer a wide range of materials—from Alumina-Silicate Bricks to high-performance Silicon Carbide Bricks—the RUL varies significantly. For specific product data, please refer to the product data sheet or submit a quote request for the material you are interested in. |
Q: Where are the Rabatec refractories and materials produced? | A: Our products are primarily sourced from specialized manufacturing plants in China. Crucially, these facilities have all undergone rigorous audits and achieved comprehensive ISO certifications (Quality, Environment, and Safety), ensuring that production adheres to the highest global standards for consistency and performance. |
Q: What refractory materials does the company offer? | A: We supply a comprehensive portfolio of advanced refractory solutions, including: Shaped Products: Alumina & Silica Bricks, Basic & Specialized Bricks (e.g., Magnesia), SiC & Structural Ceramics, and Precast Shapes. Monolithic Products: Refractory Castables, Mixes & Mortars. Insulation: Insulation Fibre and High-Performance Insulation Products. |
Q: How should I choose the appropriate refractory material for my application? | A: Selecting the correct refractory is paramount to process efficiency. The choice depends on three key factors: 1. Operating Environment: Maximum process temperature and thermal cycling (shock). 2. Chemical Attack: Type of slag, molten metal, or corrosive gas being handled (acidic, neutral, or basic). 3. Mechanical Stress: Abrasion, erosion, and static load requirements. We recommend utilizing our detailed refractory solutions service to consult with our engineers for an optimized, application-specific recommendation. |
Q: Which monolithic material should I choose when patching an existing lining? | A: For patching and minor repairs, the ideal monolithic material depends on the parent lining material, the patching depth, and the need for a rapid return to service. Common choices include: Refractory Mortars & Mixes (for minor joints/surfaces) or Plastic Refractories (for areas requiring physical compaction). Always choose a patch material chemically compatible with the existing lining to ensure proper bonding and service life. |
Q: Can I receive product samples before placing a major order? | A: Yes. We gladly provide product samples for your internal testing and validation purposes. This ensures you can confirm the quality, composition, and fit of the material—such as our Refractory Castables or Alumina-Silicate Bricks—in your specific operational environment before committing to a bulk purchase. |
Q: Do you provide certifications to verify material quality? | A: Absolutely. We provide product-related inspection certificates and quality assurance documentation upon request. This verifies that your order has passed all internal quality control checks and meets the required material specifications and industry standards. |
Q: What measures are taken for product protection during transport? | A: We ensure quick, reliable transport by using robust, industrial packaging that strictly follows industry standards. This includes high-strength palletization, heavy-duty strapping, and weather-resistant wrapping to protect fragile items like bricks and mixes from corner chipping, mechanical damage, and moisture during transit. |
